# Tirzepatide References — Full Citation List

> Full Tirzepatide references list: the SURPASS, SURMOUNT, SYNERGY-NASH, SURMOUNT-OSA, and SUMMIT trials, plus mechanistic, safety, and pharmacokinetic sources cited across this site.

## Tirzepatide references

All citations used across this site. Every quantitative claim on every page maps to a numbered source below. PubMed URLs and DOIs are provided where available.

## References

[1] Coskun T, et al. LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: From discovery to clinical proof of concept. Mol Metab. 2018. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30473097/
[2] Willard FS, et al. Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. JCI Insight. 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32730231/
[3] Frias JP, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34170647/
[4] Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35658024/
[5] Aronne LJ, et al. Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40353578/
[6] Zeng Q, et al. Safety issues of tirzepatide (pancreatitis and gallbladder or biliary disease) in type 2 diabetes and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37908750/
[7] Farzam K, Patel P. Tirzepatide (StatPearls). StatPearls [Internet], NCBI Bookshelf. 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585056/
[8] Loomba R, et al. Tirzepatide for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis with Liver Fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38856224/
[9] Malhotra A, et al. Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38912654/
[10] Packer M, et al. Tirzepatide for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39555826/
[11] McGowan B, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatments for obesity in adults. Nat Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41039116/
[12] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Tirzepatide injection prescribing information (FDA label, type 2 diabetes indication). FDA Drugs@FDA. 2022. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2022/215866s000lbl.pdf
[13] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approval for chronic weight management (tirzepatide). FDA News & Events. 2023. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-medication-chronic-weight-management
[14] Look M, et al. Body composition changes during weight reduction with tirzepatide in the SURMOUNT-1 study of adults with obesity or overweight. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39996356/
[15] et al. Hair Loss Associated With Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists. Cureus. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41111833/
[16] Safwan M, et al. Gastrointestinal safety of semaglutide and tirzepatide vs. placebo in obese individuals without diabetes: a systematic review and meta analysis. Ann Saudi Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40189856/
[17] Gong J, et al. Risk of biliary diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes or obesity treated with tirzepatide. J Diabetes Investig. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39569606/
[18] Nassar M, et al. Decreased risk of recurrent acute pancreatitis with semaglutide and tirzepatide. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39332263/
[19] Jalleh RJ, et al. Clinical Consequences of Delayed Gastric Emptying With GLP-1 Receptor Agonists. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39418085/
[20] Batsis JA, et al. Effect of Incretin-Based and Nonpharmacologic Weight Loss on Lean Mass. Ann Intern Med. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41996180/
[21] Locatelli JC, et al. Incretin-Based Weight Loss Pharmacotherapy: Can Resistance Exercise Preserve Skeletal Muscle? Diabetes Care. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38687506/
[22] Aronne LJ, et al. Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity (SURMOUNT-4). JAMA. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38078870/
[23] Horn DB, et al. Cardiometabolic Parameter Change by Weight Regain on Tirzepatide. JAMA Intern Med. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41284285/
[24] Qazi S, et al. Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Tirzepatide Versus Dulaglutide. Healthcare (Basel). 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41975852/
[25] Almansour HA, et al. Real-World Safety Concerns of Tirzepatide: A Retrospective Analysis. Healthcare (Basel). 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41008391/
[26] Samms RJ, et al. GIPR agonism mediates weight-independent insulin sensitization by tirzepatide in obese mice. J Clin Invest. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34003802/
[27] Sun B, et al. Structural determinants of dual incretin receptor agonism by tirzepatide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35333651/
[28] Rosenstock J, et al. Efficacy and safety of a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1). Lancet. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34186022/
[29] Rosenstock J, et al. Tirzepatide vs Insulin Lispro Added to Basal Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes: The SURPASS-6 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37786396/
[30] Lingvay I, et al. Achievement of glycaemic targets with weight loss and without hypoglycaemia in type 2 diabetes with tirzepatide: A post hoc analysis of the SURPASS-1 to -5 studies. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36514843/
[31] Ciudin A, et al. Indirect comparative efficacy and safety of tirzepatide 10 and 15 mg versus semaglutide 2.4 mg for obesity in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40537987/
[32] Krüger N, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes of semaglutide and tirzepatide for patients with type 2 diabetes in clinical practice. Nat Med. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41207920/
[33] Hartman ML, et al. Consistent improvements in liver histology across subgroups in a post hoc analysis of the SYNERGY-NASH trial with tirzepatide. JHEP Rep. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40689147/
[34] Kramer CM, et al. Tirzepatide Reduces LV Mass and Paracardiac Adipose Tissue in Obesity-Related Heart Failure: SUMMIT CMR Substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39566869/
[35] Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide for Obesity Treatment and Diabetes Prevention. N Engl J Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39536238/
[36] Samms RJ, et al. A Mechanistic Rationale for Incretin-Based Therapeutics in the Management of Obesity. Annu Rev Physiol. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39546586/
[37] Furihata K, et al. A phase 1 multiple-ascending dose study of tirzepatide in Japanese participants with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34647404/
[38] Pankratz J, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of the GIP/GLP receptor agonist tirzepatide. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38356317/
[39] Martin JA, et al. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of tirzepatide in humans, rats, and monkeys. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39243911/
[40] Urva S, et al. Effects of Hepatic Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics of the Dual GIP and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Tirzepatide. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35674880/
[41] Qaseem A, et al. Pharmacologic Treatments With Lifestyle Modifications in Nonpregnant Adults With Overweight or Obesity: A Living Clinical Guideline From the American College of Physicians (April 2026). Ann Intern Med. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42296496/
[42] Wadden TA, et al. Tirzepatide after intensive lifestyle intervention in adults with overweight or obesity: the SURMOUNT-3 phase 3 trial. Nat Med. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37840095/
[43] Pan XH, et al. Efficacy and safety of tirzepatide, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and other weight loss drugs in overweight and obesity: a network meta-analysis. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38413012/
[44] Linetzky B, et al. Improvements in Cardiometabolic Risk Factors by Weight Reduction: A Post Hoc Analysis of Adults With Obesity Randomly Assigned to Tirzepatide. Ann Intern Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40550133/
[45] Schmidt PHS, et al. Tirzepatide on physical function in adults with overweight or obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41705736/
[46] Mishra R, et al. Tirzepatide-Induced Gastrointestinal Manifestations: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Cureus. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37908927/
[47] Wharton S, et al. Gastrointestinal adverse events and weight reduction in people with type 2 diabetes treated with tirzepatide in the SURPASS trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37853960/
[48] Kang YM, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of currently approved incretin mimetics: A systematic analysis of placebo-controlled clinical trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40212008/
[49] Farzam K, Patel P. Tirzepatide (StatPearls). StatPearls [Internet], NCBI Bookshelf. 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585056/

---

A reading room for the published tirzepatide trial record — not a clinic, not a prescriber.